Hamito-Semitic Swadesh lists

From Fresh Dictionary

Tip: There is a tool at http://www.wandel.subnet.dk/arabic.html which should help you to find the HTML codes for the Arabic script, if you are familiar with the script. (This should not replace the romanized versions, however.)

You can also visit the Hamito-Semitic Basic English template (a more extensive list of words).


Note on romanization
- a,e,i,o and u stand for the short vowels of respectively hat,get,hit,hot and put in English.
- ā,ē,ī,ō and ū stand for the long vowels of respectively car, care,heat,core and fool in (British)English.
-y,w,b,t,d,z,s,f,k,l,m,n,h,r stand for their equivalents in english.
- θ; stands for the th of English thick.
- ð; stands for the th of English this.
- j; stands for the j of English job or gem
- g; stands for the g of English good.
- x; stands for the sound of German ch in Ach! or Spanish jota.
- ğ; stands for the voiced counterpart of x pretty much as French of German r.
- Å¡; stands for the sh of English ship.
- ħ; stands for the typical rough h sound of Semitic languages.
- 3; stands for the voiced counterpart of ħ.
- 2; stands for the glottal stop in cockney English bo22le.
- q; stands for a k sound produced from the back of the mouth.
- ṭ;, ṣ;, ḍ; and ð̣; stand for the sounds derived from t;, s;, d; and ð;, These are called the pharyngealized, emphatic, or velarized sounds. They effect the sound of the consonants and vowels that follow or precede, they are made by constricting the pharynx during the articulation of the sound.


Since this page is mostly devoted to ancient languages, the Hebrew romanization has been chosen to correspond to the pronounciation of Biblical time Hebrew rather than to modern Israeli Hebrew. This means that the following evolutions are not taken into account :
- p>f, t>θ; k>x,b>v, d>ð ; and g>ğ after vowels (probably under Aramaic influence)
- ħ and x merger into x, w and v merger into v, q and k merger into k, t and ṭ merger into t, 3 and 2 merger into a glottal stop (2), along with the affricate pronounciation of emphatic ṣ.


No English Arabic Script Romanized
Arabic
Hebrew Script Romanized
Hebrew
Syriac Script Romanized Syriac Romanized Akkadian Geez
1 I أنا 2anā אני, אנכי 2anī, 2anōki ܐܢܐ 2enā anāku [[]]
2 you, thou أنت 2anta (m.),2anti (f.) אתה, את 2attāh (m.), 2att(ī) (f.) ܐܢܬ, ܐܢܬܝ 2att(a) (m.), 2att(i) (f.) atta (m.), atti (f.) [[]]
3 he هو huwa הוא hū ܗܘ hū šū [[]]
3 she هي hiya היא hī ܗܘ hī šī [[]]
4 we نحن naħnu אנחנו 2anaħnā [[]] ħnan nīnu [[]]
5 you أنتم, أنتن, أنتما 2antum (m.), 2antunna (f.), 2antumā (m/f dual.) אתם, אתן 2attem (.m), 2attēn (.f) [[]] 2attōn (m.), 2attēn (f.) attunu (m.),attina (f.) [[]]
6 they هم, هن, هما hum (m.), hunna (f.), humā (m/f dual.) הם, הן hēm (m.), hēn (f.) [[]] hennōn(m.), hennēn (f.) šunu (m.), šina (f.) [[]]
7 this هذا, هذﻩ,ﻫﺬﻯ hāðā(m.), hāðihi (f.), hāðī (f.) זה, זאת zeh (m.), zōθ (f.) [[]] hānā (m.), hādē(f.) [[]] [[]]
8 that ذلك, ﺫﺍﻙ, ﻚﻠﺗ, ﻙﺎﺗ ðālika, ðāka (m.), tilka, tāka (f.) ההוא, ההיא hahÅ« (m), hahÄ« (f) [[]] hāw (m.), hāy (f.) [[]] [[]]
9 here هنا hunā כאן, פה kan, po [[]] hārkā [[]] [[]]
10 there هناك, هنالك hunāka, hunālika שם šām [[]] tammān [[]] [[]]
11 who من man מי mī [[]] man [[]] [[]]
12 what ما, ماذا mā, māðā מה mā [[]] mā, mānā [[]] [[]]
13 where أين 2ayna איפה, לאן, מאיפה eifo (where is), le2an (where to), meifo (where from) [[]] 2aykā [[]] [[]]
14 when متى matā מתי mātay [[]] emat(i) [[]] [[]]
15 how كيف kayfa איך eyk [[]] 2aykan [[]] [[]]
16 not ما, لا , لم mā (past), lā (present), lam (perfect) לא lō [[]] lā [[]] [[]]
17 all كل kull כל koll [[]] koll [[]] [[]]
18 many كثير kaθīr הרבה harbe [[]] saggī [[]] [[]]
19 some بعض ba3ḍ [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
20 few قليل qalīl קצת qṣat [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
21 other آخر, ﻯﺮﺧﺃ, ﺮﺧﺃ āxar (m.),2uxrā (f.), 2uxar (pl.) אחר 2aħer [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
22 one واحد, واحدة wāħid (.m), waħda (f.) אחד, אחת 2eħad (m.), 2aħat (f.) [[]] ħad [[]] [[]]
23 two إثنان, إثنين, إثنتان, إثنتين 2iθnān, 2iθnayn (m.), 2iθnatān, 2iθnatayn (f.) שנים, שתים šenayim (m.), štayim (f.) [[]] trēn (m.), tartēn (f.) [[]] [[]]
24 three ثلاثة, ثلاث θalāθa (m.), θalāθ (f.) שלשח, שלש šelōša (m.), šalēš (f.) [[]] tlāta (m.), tlāt (f.) [[]] [[]]
25 four أربعة, أربع 2arba3a (m.), 2arba3(f.) ארבעה, אקבע 2arbe3a (m.), 2arba3(f.) [[]] 2arb3a (m.), 2arba3(f.) [[]] [[]]
26 five خمسة, خمس xamsa (m.), xams (f.) חמשה, חמש ħameša (m.), ħameš (f.) [[]] ħammša (m.), ħammeš (f.) [[]] [[]]
27 six ستة, ست sitta (m.), sitt(f.) ששה, שש šēša (m.) [[]] šetta (m.) [[]] [[]]
28 seven سبعة, سبع sab3a (m.), sab3(f.) שבעה, שבע šeb3a (m.), šeba3(f.) [[]] šeb3a (m.), shba3(f.) [[]] [[]]
29 eight ثمانية, ثمان θamāniya (m.), θamān (f.) שמונה šmōna (m.), šmneh (f.) [[]] tmānya (m.), tmān (f.) [[]] [[]]
30 nine تسعة, تسع tis3a (m.), tis3 (f.) תשעה, תשע teš3a (m.), teša3(f.) [[]] teš3a (m.), tša3(f.) [[]] [[]]
31 heavy ثقيل θaqīl כבד kaved [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
32 small صغير ṣağīr קטן qaṭan [[]] z3ōr [[]] [[]]
33 short قصير qaṣīr קצר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
34 narrow ضيق ḍayyiq [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
35 thin رقيق raqīq [רזה] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
36 woman إمرأة 2imra2a אשה 2išša [[]] 2atteta [[]] [[]]
37 man
(adult male)
رجل rajul איש 2īš [[]] gbar [[]] [[]]
38 man
(human being)
إنسان 2insān אנש [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
39 child طفل ṭifl ילד yeled [[]] ṭalī [[]] [[]]
40 wife زوجة zawja אשה 2ešet [[]] 2atteta [[]] [[]]
41 husband زوج zawj בעל ba3al [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
42 mother أم 2umm אם 2ēm [[]] 2emm [[]] [[]]
43 father أب 2abb אב 2āb [[]] 2abb [[]] [[]]
44 animal حيوان ħayawān [[]] [[]] [[]] ħayū [[]] [[]]
45 fish سمكة samaka [[]] nūna [[]] nūna [[]] [[]]
46 bird طير ṭayr [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
47 dog كلب kalb כלב keleb [[]] kleb [[]] [[]]
48 louse ﺔﻠﻤﻗ qamla כִּנָה [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
49 snake ثعبان θu3bān נחש [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
50 worm دودة dūda תולעת [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
51 tree شجرة šajara עץ [[]] [[]] 2īlān [[]] [[]]
52 forest غابة ğāba יער [[]] [[]] ħors [[]] [[]]
53 stick عصا 3aṣā [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
54 fruit فاكهة fākiha פרי [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
55 seed بذرة baðra זרע [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
56 leaf ورقة waraqa עלה [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
57 root جذر jiðr שרש [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
58 bark قشر qišr [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
59 flower زهرة zahra [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
60 grass حشيش ħašīš דשא [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
61 rope حبل ħabl חבל [[]] [[]] gmal [[]] [[]]
62 skin جلد jild עור [[]] [[]] gled [[]] [[]]
63 meat لحم laħm בשר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
64 blood دم damm דם [[]] [[]] demm [[]] [[]]
65 bone عظم 3að̣m עצם [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
66 fat (n.) دهن duhn חלב, שמן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
67 egg بيضة bayḍa ביצה [[]] [[]] bē3a [[]] [[]]
68 horn قرن qurn קרן qeren [[]] qren [[]] [[]]
69 tail ذنب ðanab זנב [[]] [[]] dneb [[]] [[]]
70 feather ريشة rīsha [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
71 hair شعر ša3r שער [[]] [[]] s3ar [[]] [[]]
72 head رأس ra2s ראש rōš [[]] reš [[]] [[]]
73 ear أذن 2uðun אזן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
74 eye عين 3ayn עין 3ayin [[]] 3ēn [[]] [[]]
75 nose أنف 2anf אף [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
76 mouth فم fam פה [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
77 tooth سن sinn שין [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
78 tongue لسان lisān לשון lāšōn [[]] lašān [[]] [[]]
79 fingernail ظفر ð̣ufr צפרן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
80 foot قدم qadam רגל [[]] [[]] rgel [[]] [[]]
81 leg رجل rijl [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
82 knee ركبة rukba ברך [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
83 hand يد yad יד yad [[]] yad [[]] [[]]
84 wing جناح janāħ כנף [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
85 belly بطن baṭn בטן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
86 guts أمعاء 2am3ā2 [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
87 neck رقبة raqaba [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
88 back ظهر ð̣ahr [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
89 breast صدر ṣadr [[]] [[]] [[]] ħadya [[]] [[]]
90 heart قلب qalb לב lebb [[]] lebb [[]] [[]]
91 liver كبد kibd כבד [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
92 drink شرب šariba שתה [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
93 eat أكل 2akala אכל 2ākal [[]] 2ekal [[]] [[]]
94 bite عض 3aḍḍa נשך [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
95 suck مص maṣṣa [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
96 spit بصق baṣaqa [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
97 vomit تقيأ taqayya2 הקיא [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
98 blow نفخ nafaxa נפח [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
99 breathe تنفس tanaffas [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
100 laugh ضحك ḍaħika צחק ṣāħaq [[]] šħak [[]] [[]]
101 see رأى ra2ā ראה rā2ā [[]] ħazā [[]] [[]]
102 hear سمع sami3a שמע šāma3 [[]] šma3 [[]] [[]]
103 know عرف 3arifa ידע yāda3 [[]] 2ida3 [[]] [[]]
104 think فكر fakkara חשב ħāšab [[]] ħšab [[]] [[]]
105 smell شم šamma הריח [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
106 fear خاف xāfa ירא [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
107 sleep نام nāma ישן [[]] [[]] dmeq [[]] [[]]
108 live عاش 3āša חיה [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
109 die مات māta מות [[]] [[]] met [[]] [[]]
110 kill قتل qatala הרג qāṭal [[]] qṭal [[]] [[]]
111 fight [[]] [[]] ריב [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
112 hunt [[]] [[]] צוד [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
113 hit ضرب ḍaraba הכה [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
114 cut [[]] [[]] כרת [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
115 split [[]] [[]] בקע [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
116 stab [[]] [[]] דקר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
117 scratch [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
118 dig [[]] [[]] חפר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
119 swim سبح sabaħa שוט [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
120 fly (v.) طار ṭāra עוף [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
121 walk مشى mašā הלך [[]] [[]] hallēk [[]] [[]]
122 come جاء jā2a בוא [[]] [[]] 2atā [[]] [[]]
123 lie رقد raqada שכב [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
124 sit جلس jalisa ישב [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
125 stand وقف waqafa עמד [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
126 turn دار dāra [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
127 fall وقع waqa3a נפל [[]] [[]] npel [[]] [[]]
128 give أعطى 2a3ṭā נתן nātan [[]] ndan [[]] [[]]
129 hold مسك masaka אחז [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
130 squeeze [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
131 rub [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
132 wash [[]] [[]] רחץ [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
133 wipe [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
134 pull [[]] [[]] משך [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
135 push [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
136 throw رمى ramā השליך [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
137 tie ربط rabaṭa קשר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
138 sew [[]] [[]] תפר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
139 count عد 3adda ספר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
140 say قال qāla אמר [[]] [[]] 2emar [[]] [[]]
141 sing غنى ğannā שיר [[]] [[]] zmar [[]] [[]]
142 play لعب la3iba [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
143 float [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
144 flow [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
145 freeze [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
146 swell [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
147 sun شمس šams שמש šemeš [[]] šmeš [[]] [[]]
148 moon قمر qamar ירח [[]] [[]] šar [[]] [[]]
149 star نجمة najma כוכב kōkab [[]] kōkab [[]] [[]]
150 water ماء mā2 מים mayīm [[]] [[]] mayyīn [[]]
151 rain مطر maṭar מטר [[]] [[]] mṭer [[]] [[]]
152 river نهر nahr נהר [[]] [[]] nhar [[]] [[]]
153 lake بحيرة buħayra [[]] [[]] [[]] bħar [[]] [[]]
154 sea بحر baħr ים yām [[]] yam [[]] [[]]
155 salt ملح milħ מלח melaħ [[]] mleħ [[]] [[]]
156 stone حجر ħajar אבן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
157 sand رمل raml חול [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
158 dust [[]] [[]] אפר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
159 earth أرض 2arḍ ארץ 2ereṣ [[]] 2ara3 [[]] [[]]
160 cloud سحابة saħāba ענן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
161 fog [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
162 sky سماء samā2 שמים šamayīm [[]] šmayyīn [[]] [[]]
163 wind [[]] [[]] רוח [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
164 snow ثلج θalj שלג [[]] [[]] tleg [[]] [[]]
165 ice [[]] [[]] קרח [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
166 smoke [[]] [[]] עשן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
167 fire نار nār אש [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
168 ashes [[]] [[]] עפר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
169 burn حرق ħariqa בער [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
170 road طريق ṭarīq דרך [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
171 mountain جبل jabal הר [[]] [[]] ṭūr [[]] [[]]
172 red [[]] 2aħmar (m.), ħamrā2 (f.) אדום [[]] [[]] smāq (m.), smāqa (f.) [[]] [[]]
173 green [[]] 2axḍar (m.), xaḍrā2 (f.) ירק [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
174 yellow [[]] 2aṣfar (m.), ṣafrā2 (f.) [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
175 white [[]] 2abyaḍ (m.), bayḍā2 (f.) לבן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
176 black [[]] 2aswad (m.), sawdā2 (f.) שחור [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
177 night ليل layl לילה layla [[]] lelya [[]] [[]]
178 day يوم yawm יום yōm [[]] yōm [[]] [[]]
179 year سنة sana שנה šāna [[]] šana [[]] [[]]
180 warm [[]] [[]] חום [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
181 cold [[]] [[]] קר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
182 full [[]] [[]] מלא [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
183 new جديد jadīd חדש ħadāš [[]] ħaddīt [[]] [[]]
184 old قديم qadīm זקן [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
185 good طيب ṭayyib טוב ṭōb [[]] ṭāb [[]] [[]]
186 bad [[]] [[]] רע [[]] [[]] b2eš [[]] [[]]
187 rotten [[]] [[]] רקוב [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
188 dirty [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
189 straight [[]] [[]] ישר [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
190 round [[]] [[]] עגול [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
191 sharp [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
192 dull [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
193 smooth [[]] [[]] חלק [[]] [[]] rakkik [[]] [[]]
194 wet [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
195 dry [[]] [[]] יבש [[]] [[]] yābeš [[]] [[]]
196 correct [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
197 near قريب qarīb קרוב [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
198 far بعيد ba3īd רחוק [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
199 right يمين yamīn ימין yamīn [[]] yamīn [[]] [[]]
200 left يسار yasār שמאל [[]] [[]] smāl [[]] [[]]
201 at عند 3and ב be [[]] be [[]] [[]]
202 in في, ب fī, bi- ב be [[]] be [[]] [[]]
203 with مع, ب ma3a, bi- את ב עם 3im, be, ett- [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
204 and و wa ו we [[]] we [[]] [[]]
205 if لو, إذا, إن law, 2iðā, 2inn אם 2im [[]] 2en [[]] [[]]
206 because بسبب, لأن bi-sabab, li2inna [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
207 name إسم 2ism שם šēm [[]] šem [[]] [[]]
Personal tools